eLCOSH : Electrical Safety: Safety & Health for Electrical Trades (Student Manual)

Whenever you work with power tools or on electrical circuits there is
a risk of electrical hazards, especially electrical shock. Anyone can
be exposed to these hazards at home or at work. Workers are exposed to
more hazards because job sites can be cluttered with tools and materials,
fast-paced, and open to the weather. Risk is also higher at work because
many jobs involve electric power tools.

Electrical trades workers must pay special attention to electrical hazards
because they work on electrical circuits. Coming in contact with an electrical
voltage can cause current to flow through the body, resulting in electrical
shock and burns. Serious injury or even death may occur.
As a source of energy, electricity is used without much thought about
the hazards it can cause. Because electricity is a familiar part of our
lives, it often is not treated with enough caution. As a result, an average
of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day of every year! Electrocution
is the third leading cause of work-related deaths among 16- and 17-year-olds,
after motor vehicle deaths and workplace homicide. Electrocution is the
cause of 12% of all workplace deaths among young workers.1

Note to
the learner—This manual describes the hazards of electrical
work and basic approaches to working safely. You will learn skills
to help you recognize, evaluate, and control electrical hazards.
This information will prepare you for addi-tional safety training
such as hands-on exercises and more detailed reviews of regulations
for electrical work. Your employer, co-workers, and community will
depend on your expertise. Start your career off right by learning
safe practices and developing good safety habits. Safety is a very
important part of any job. Do it right from the start.

• Electrical
  shock causes injury or death!

Whenever you work with power tools or on electrical circuits there is a risk of electrical hazards, especially electrical shock. Anyone can be exposed to these hazards at home or at work. Workers are exposed to more hazards because job sites can be cluttered with tools and materials, fast-paced, and open to the weather. Risk is also higher at work because many jobs involve electric power tools.Electrical trades workers must pay special attention to electrical hazards because they work on electrical circuits. Coming in contact with an electrical voltage can cause current to flow through the body, resulting in electrical shock and burns. Serious injurymay occur. As a source of energy, electricity is used without much thought about the hazards it can cause. Because electricity is a familiar part of our lives, it often is not treated with enough caution. As a result, an average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day of every year!

Electrical work can be deadly if not done safely.

This
manual will present many topics. There are four main types of electrical
injuries: electrocution (death due to electrical shock), electrical
shock, burns, and falls. The dangers of electricity, electrical
shock, and the resulting injuries will be discussed. The various electrical
hazards will be described. You will learn about the Safety Model,
an important tool for recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazards.
Important definitions and notes are shown in the margins. Practices
that will help keep you safe and free of injury are emphasized. To give
you an idea of the hazards caused by electricity, case studies about
real-life deaths will be described.

How Is
an Electrical Shock Received?

An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes through
the body. Current will pass through the body in a variety of situations.
Whenever two wires are at different voltages, current will pass between
them if they are connected. Your body can connect the wires if you touch
both of them at the same time. Current will pass through your body.

Wires Carry
Current

In
most household wiring, the black wires and the red wires are at 120
volts. The white wires are at 0 volts because they are connected to
ground. The connection to ground is often through a conducting ground
rod driven into the earth. The connection can also be made through a
buried metal water pipe. If you come in contact with an energized
black wire—and you are also in contact with the neutral white wire—current
will pass through your body. You will receive an electrical shock.

Black and
red wires are usuallyenergized, and white wires are usually neutral.


Metal electrical
boxes should be grounded to prevent shocks.

If
you are in contact with a live wire or any live component of an energized
electrical device—and also in contact with any grounded object—you will
receive a shock. Plumbing is often grounded. Metal electrical boxes
and conduit are grounded.

Your
risk of receiving a shock is greater if you stand in a puddle of water.
But you don’t even have to be standing in water to be at risk. Wet clothing,
high humidity, and perspiration also increase your chances of being
electrocuted. Of course, there is always a chance of electrocution,
even in dry conditions.

You
can even receive a shock when you are not in contact with an electrical
ground. Contact with both live wires of a 240-volt cable will deliver
a shock. (This type of shock can occur because one live wire may be
at +120 volts while the other is at -120 volts during an alternating
current cycle—a difference of 240 volts.). You can also receive
a shock from electrical components that are not grounded properly. Even
contact with another person who is receiving an electrical shock may
cause you to be shocked.

A
30-year-old male electrical technician was helping a company service
representative test the voltage-regulating unit on a new rolling
mill. While the electrical technician went to get the equipment
service manual, the service representative opened the panel cover
of the voltage regulator’s control cabinet in preparation to
trace the low-voltage wiring in question (the wiring was not color-coded).
The service representative climbed onto a nearby cabinet in order
to view the wires. The technician returned and began working inside
the control cabinet, near exposed energized electrical conductors.
The technician tugged at the low-voltage wires while the service
representative tried to identify them from above. Suddenly, the
representative heard the victim making a gurgling sound and looked
down to see the victim shaking as though he were being shocked.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was administered to the victim
about 10 minutes later. He was pronounced dead almost 2 hours later
as a result of his contact with an energized electrical conductor.

To prevent an incident like this, employers should take the following
steps:

• Establish
  proper rules and procedures on how to access electrical control
  cabinets without getting hurt.
• Make
  sure all employees know the importance of de-energizing (shutting
  off) electrical systems before performing repairs.
• Equip
  voltage-regulating equipment with color-coded wiring.
• Train
  workers in CPR.

A
maintenance man rode 12 feet above the floor on a motorized lift
to work on a 277-volt light fixture. He did not turn off the power
supply to the lights. He removed the line fuse from the black wire,
which he thought was the “hot” wire. But, because of a
mistake in installation, it turned out that the white wire was the
“hot” wire, not the black one. The black wire was neutral.
He began to strip the white wire using a wire stripper in his right
hand. Electricity passed from the “hot” white wire to
the stripper, then into his hand and through his body, and then
to ground through his left index finger. A co-worker heard a
noise and saw the victim lying face-up on the lift. She immediately
summoned another worker, who lowered the platform. CPR was performed,
but the maintenance man could not be saved. He was pronounced dead
at the scene.

You can prevent injuries and deaths by remembering the following
points:

• If you
  work on an electrical circuit, test to make sure that the circuit
  is de-energized (shut off)!
• Never
  attempt to handle any wires or conductors until you are absolutely
  positive that their electrical supply has been shut off.
• Be sure
  to lock out and tag out circuits so they cannot be re-energized.
• Always
  assume a conductor is dangerous.

Always
test a circuit to make sure it is de-energized before working on
it.

Summary
of Section 1

You will receive an electrical shock if a part of your body completes
an electrical circuit by

• touching a live
  wire and an electrical ground, or
• touching a live
  wire and another wire at a different voltage.