Arrays in Java - GeeksforGeeks - EU-Vietnam Business Network (EVBN)

Array in java is a group of like-typed variables referred to by a common name. Arrays in Java work differently than they do in C/C++. Following are some important points about Java arrays.

In Java, all arrays are dynamically allocated. (discussed below)
Arrays are stored in contiguous memory [consecutive memory locations].
Since arrays are objects in Java, we can find their length using the object property length. This is different from C/C++, where we find length using sizeof.
A Java array variable can also be declared like other variables with [] after the data type.
The variables in the array are ordered, and each has an index beginning with 0.
Java array can also be used as a static field, a local variable, or a method parameter.
The size of an array must be specified by int or short value and not long.
The direct superclass of an array type is Object.
Every array type implements the interfaces Cloneable and java.io.Serializable.
This storage of arrays helps us randomly access the elements of an array [Support Random Access].
The size of the array cannot be altered(once initialized). However, an array reference can be made to point to another array.

An array can contain primitives (int, char, etc.) and object (or non-primitive) references of a class depending on the definition of the array. In the case of primitive data types, the actual values are stored in contiguous memory locations. In the case of class objects, the actual objects are stored in a heap segment.

Arrays

Creating, initializing, and accessing an Array

One-Dimensional Arrays:

The general form of a one-dimensional array declaration is

type var-name[];
OR
type[] var-name;

An array declaration has two components: the type and the name. type declares the element type of the array. The element type determines the data type of each element that comprises the array. Like an array of integers, we can also create an array of other primitive data types like char, float, double, etc., or user-defined data types (objects of a class). Thus, the element type for the array determines what type of data the array will hold.

Example:

// both are valid declarations
int intArray[]; 
or int[] intArray; 

byte byteArray[];
short shortsArray[];
boolean booleanArray[];
long longArray[];
float floatArray[];
double doubleArray[];
char charArray[];

// an array of references to objects of
// the class MyClass (a class created by
// user)
MyClass myClassArray[]; 

Object[]  ao,        // array of Object
Collection[] ca;  // array of Collection
                     // of unknown type

Although the first declaration establishes that int Array is an array variable, no actual array exists. It merely tells the compiler that this variable (int Array) will hold an array of the integer type. To link int Array with an actual, physical array of integers, you must allocate one using new and assign it to int Array.

Instantiating an Array in Java

When an array is declared, only a reference of an array is created. To create or give memory to the array, you create an array like this: The general form of new as it applies to one-dimensional arrays appears as follows:

var-name = new type [size];

Here, type specifies the type of data being allocated, size determines the number of elements in the array, and var-name is the name of the array variable that is linked to the array. To use new to allocate an array, you must specify the type and number of elements to allocate.

Example:

int intArray[];    //declaring array
intArray = new int[20];  // allocating memory to array

int[] intArray = new int[20]; // combining both statements in one

Note:

The elements in the array allocated by new will automatically be initialized to zero (for numeric types), false (for boolean), or null (for reference types). Do refer to default array values in Java.

Obtaining an array is a two-step process. First, you must declare a variable of the desired array type. Second, you must allocate the memory to hold the array, using new, and assign it to the array variable. Thus, in Java, all arrays are dynamically allocated.

Array Literal

In a situation where the size of the array and variables of the array are already known, array literals can be used.

 int[] intArray = new int[]{ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 }; 
 // Declaring array literal

The length of this array determines the length of the created array.
There is no need to write the new int[] part in the latest versions of Java.

Accessing Java Array Elements using for Loop

Each element in the array is accessed via its index. The index begins with 0 and ends at (total array size)-1. All the elements of array can be accessed using Java for Loop.

 // accessing the elements of the specified array
for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
  System.out.println("Element at index " + i + 
                                " : "+ arr[i]);

Implementation:

Java

class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

int[] arr;

arr = new int[5];

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

arr[2] = 30;

arr[3] = 40;

arr[4] = 50;

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

System.out.println("Element at index " + i

+ " : " + arr[i]);

}

Output

Element at index 0 : 10
Element at index 1 : 20
Element at index 2 : 30
Element at index 3 : 40
Element at index 4 : 50

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

You can also access java arrays using for each loops.

Arrays of Objects

An array of objects is created like an array of primitive-type data items in the following way.

Student[] arr = new Student[5]; //student is a user-defined class

Syntax:

1) data type[] arrName;

2) datatype arrName[];

3) datatype [] arrName;

Java

import java.io.*;

class GFG {

public static void main (String[] args) {

int [] arr=new int [4];

}

Output

The student Array contains five memory spaces each of the size of student class in which the address of five Student objects can be stored. The Student objects have to be instantiated using the constructor of the Student class, and their references should be assigned to the array elements in the following way.

Example

Java

class Student {

public int roll_no;

public String name;

Student(int roll_no, String name)

{

this.roll_no = roll_no;

this.name = name;

}

public class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

Student[] arr;

arr = new Student[5];

arr[0] = new Student(1, "aman");

arr[1] = new Student(2, "vaibhav");

arr[2] = new Student(3, "shikar");

arr[3] = new Student(4, "dharmesh");

arr[4] = new Student(5, "mohit");

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

System.out.println("Element at " + i + " : "

+ arr[i].roll_no + " "

+ arr[i].name);

}

Output

Element at 0 : 1 aman
Element at 1 : 2 vaibhav
Element at 2 : 3 shikar
Element at 3 : 4 dharmesh
Element at 4 : 5 mohit

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space : O(1)

Example

An array of objects is also created like :

Java

class Student

{

public String name;

Student(String name)

{

this.name = name;

}

@Override

public String toString(){

return name;

}

public class GFG

{

public static void main (String[] args)

{

Student[] myStudents = new Student[]{new Student("Dharma"),new Student("sanvi"),new Student("Rupa"),new Student("Ajay")};

for(Student m:myStudents){

System.out.println(m);

}

Output

Dharma
sanvi
Rupa
Ajay

What happens if we try to access elements outside the array size?

JVM throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException to indicate that the array has been accessed with an illegal index. The index is either negative or greater than or equal to the size of an array.

Below code shows what happens if we try to access elements outside the array size.

Java

public class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

int[] arr = new int[4];

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

arr[2] = 30;

arr[3] = 40;

System.out.println(

"Trying to access element outside the size of array");

System.out.println(arr[5]);

}

Output

Trying to access element outside the size of array
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 5 out of bounds for length 4
at GFG.main(GFG.java:13)

Java

public class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)

{

int[] arr = new int[2];

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

System.out.println(arr[i]);

}

Output

10
20

Multidimensional Arrays:

Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays with each element of the array holding the reference of other arrays. These are also known as Jagged Arrays. A multidimensional array is created by appending one set of square brackets ([]) per dimension.

Syntax :

datatype [][] arrayrefvariable;

datatype arrayrefvariable[][];

Syntax:

Java

import java.io.*;

class GFG {

public static void main (String[] args) {

int [][] arr= new int[3][3];

}

Output

int[][] intArray = new int[10][20]; //a 2D array or matrix
int[][][] intArray = new int[10][20][10]; //a 3D array

Example

Java

public class multiDimensional {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int arr[][]

= { { 2, 7, 9 }, { 3, 6, 1 }, { 7, 4, 2 } };

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++)

System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");

System.out.println();

}

Output

2 7 9 
3 6 1 
7 4 2

Passing Arrays to Methods

Like variables, we can also pass arrays to methods. For example, the below program passes the array to method sum to calculate the sum of the array’s values.

Java

public class Test {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int arr[] = { 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 };

sum(arr);

}

public static void sum(int[] arr)

{

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

sum += arr[i];

System.out.println("sum of array values : " + sum);

}

Output

sum of array values : 15

Time Complexity: O(n)

Auxiliary Space : O(1)

Returning Arrays from Methods

As usual, a method can also return an array. For example, the below program returns an array from method m1.

Java

class Test {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int arr[] = m1();

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");

}

public static int[] m1()

{

return new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };

}

Output

1 2 3

Time Complexity: O(n)
Auxiliary Space : O(1)

Class Objects for Arrays

Every array has an associated Class object, shared with all other arrays with the same component type.

Java

class Test {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int intArray[] = new int[3];

byte byteArray[] = new byte[3];

short shortsArray[] = new short[3];

String[] strArray = new String[3];

System.out.println(intArray.getClass());

System.out.println(

intArray.getClass().getSuperclass());

System.out.println(byteArray.getClass());

System.out.println(shortsArray.getClass());

System.out.println(strArray.getClass());

}

Output

class [I
class java.lang.Object
class [B
class [S
class [Ljava.lang.String;

Explanation:

The string “[I” is the run-time type signature for the class object “array with component type int.”
The only direct superclass of an array type is java.lang.Object.
The string “[B” is the run-time type signature for the class object “array with component type byte.”
The string “[S” is the run-time type signature for the class object “array with component type short.”
The string “[L” is the run-time type signature for the class object “array with component type of a Class.” The Class name is then followed.

Array Members

Now, as you know that arrays are objects of a class, and a direct superclass of arrays is a class Object. The members of an array type are all of the following:

The public final field length contains the number of components of the array. Length may be positive or zero.
All the members are inherited from class Object; the only method of Object that is not inherited is its clone method.
The public method clone() overrides the clone method in class Object and throws no checked exceptions.

Arrays Types and Their Allowed Element Types

Array TypesAllowed Element TypesPrimitive Type ArraysAny type which can be implicitly promoted to declared type.Object Type ArraysEither declared type objects or it’s child class objects.Abstract Class Type ArraysIts child-class objects are allowed.Interface Type ArraysIts implementation class objects are allowed.

Cloning of arrays

When you clone a single-dimensional array, such as Object[], a “deep copy” is performed with the new array containing copies of the original array’s elements as opposed to references.

Java

class Test {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int intArray[] = { 1, 2, 3 };

int cloneArray[] = intArray.clone();

System.out.println(intArray == cloneArray);

for (int i = 0; i < cloneArray.length; i++) {

System.out.print(cloneArray[i] + " ");

}

Output

false
1 2 3

A clone of a multi-dimensional array (like Object[][]) is a “shallow copy,” however, which is to say that it creates only a single new array with each element array a reference to an original element array, but subarrays are shared.

Java

class Test {

public static void main(String args[])

{

int intArray[][] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 } };

int cloneArray[][] = intArray.clone();

System.out.println(intArray == cloneArray);

System.out.println(intArray[0] == cloneArray[0]);

System.out.println(intArray[1] == cloneArray[1]);

}

Output

false
true
true

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This article is contributed by Nitsdheerendra and Gaurav Miglani. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using write.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.

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