What is a Computer Network?

General

Computer networks are the basis of communication in IT. They are used in a variety of ways and can include many different types of networks. A computer network is a set of computers that are connected so they can share information. The earliest examples of computer networks are from the 1960s, but they have come a long way in the half-century since then.

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What Do Networks Do?

Computer networks are used to carry out numerous tasks through the sharing of information.

Networks are used for:

Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, and other methods
Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, and photocopiers
Sharing files
Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems
Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information

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Types of Networks

There are many types of networks, which are used for various purposes by different personnel and organizations. The different types of networks are:

Local Area Networks (LAN)
A local area network or LAN is a network that connects computers within a limited area. This might be in a school, an office, or even a home.

Personal Area Networks (PAN)
A personal area network is a network that is based on an individual’s workspace. The individual’s device is the center of the network with other devices connected to it. There are also wireless personal area networks.

Home Area Networks (HAN)
A home area network connects devices within a home environment. This network may include personal computers, tablets, smartphones, printers, TVs, and other devices.

Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A wide area network is a network that covers a larger geographical area, usually with a radius of more than a mile.

Campus Networks
A campus network is a LAN or set of connected LANs that is used by a government agency, university, corporation or similar organization and is typically a network across a set of buildings that are close together.

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Metropolitan area networks are networks that stretch across a region the size of a metropolitan area. A MAN is a series of connected LANs in a city, which might also connect to a WAN.

Enterprise Private Networks
An enterprise private network is used by a company to connect its various sites so that the different locations can share resources.

Internetworks
Internetworks connect different networks together to build a larger network. Internetworking is often used to describe building a large, global network.

Backbone Networks (BBN)
A backbone is a part of a network that connects different devices and provides a path for information to be exchanged.

Global Area Networks (GAN)
A global area network is a worldwide network that connects networks all over the globe, such as the internet.

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Network Design

Computer networks can have different designs, with the two basic forms being client/server and peer-to-peer networks. Client/server networks have centralized servers for storage, which are accessed by client computers and devices.

Peer-to-peer networks are often used for file sharing and communication between computers. The main advantage of using a P2P network is its ability to provide high availability and fault tolerance. If one computer in the network goes down, others can continue working as if nothing happened.

They are more common in homes, while client/server networks are more likely to be used by small to medium size businesses.

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Types of Network Connections

There are also different types of network connections used to connect devices to each other. Topologies are the arrangements of these network connections and elements (links, nodes, etc.) The collapsed ring topology is the most common topology due to the Ethernet supporting the internet, local area networks, and wide area networks. The most common topologies are described below.

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Star Topology

A central node connects a cable to each computer in the network in a star topology. Each computer in the network has an independent connection to the center of the network, and if one connection breaks, it won’t affect the rest of the network. However, one downside is that many cables are required to form this kind of network.

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Bus Topology

In a bus topology network connection, one cable connects the computer. The information for the last node on the network must run through each connected computer. There is less cabling required, but if the cable breaks, none of the computers can reach the network.

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Ring Topology

A ring topology is like a bus topology because it uses a single cable with the end nodes connected to each other so the signal can circle through the network to find its recipient. The signal will try several times to find its destination even when the network node is not working properly.

A collapsed ring topology has a central node, which is a hub, router, or switch. These devices have an internal ring topology and places for cables to plug in. Every computer in the network has its own cable to plug into the device. In an office, this probably means having a cabling closet, where all computers are connected to the closet and switch.

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Network Protocols

Network protocols are the languages that computer devices use to communicate. The protocols that computer networks support offer another way to define and group them. Networks can have more than one protocol, and each can support different applications. Protocols that are often used include TCP/IP, which is most common on the internet and in home networks.

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Wired and Wireless Networks

Many protocols can work with both wired and wireless networks. In recent years, however, wireless technologies have grown and become much more popular. Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies have become the favorite option for building computer networks because they have can easily support different types of wireless devices, such as smartphones and tables. Mobile networking is now an important aspect to consider because it will continue to grow in use.

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Key Networking Terms

Open system: An open system in networking is a system that allows any two devices on the network to communicate with each other regardless of the manufacturer or model of the devices. Open systems follow standards that allow for interoperability between different devices and vendors.

Closed system: A closed system is not connected to a network and so cannot be communicated with by other networks or devices outside of the closed system.

IP (internet protocol) address: The network address of the system across the network, which is also known as the Logical Address.

MAC address: The MAC address or physical address uniquely identifies each host. It is associated with the Network Interface Card (NIC).

Port: A port is a channel through which data is sent and received.

Nodes: Nodes is a term used to refer to any computing devices, such as computers, that send and receive network packets across the network.

Network packets: The data that is sent to and from the nodes in a network.

Routers: Routers are hardware devices that manage router packets. They determine which node the information came from and where to send it. A router has a routing protocol which defines how it communicates with other routers.

Network address translation (NAT): A technique that routers use to provide internet service to more devices using fewer public Ips. A router has a public IP address, but devices connected to it are assigned private IPs that others outside of the network can’t see.

Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP): Assigns dynamic IP addresses to hosts and is maintained by the internet service provider.

Internet service providers (ISP): Companies that provide individuals and businesses with their internet connection.

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