What is Ecotourism? The Good, The Bad, and Sustainable Ecotourism –

What is Ecotourism?

One of the most common buzzwords used in the sustainable travel industry is ‘ecotourism.’ Many travelers rely on this word being synonymous with environmentally friendly, ethical tourism. When ecotourism is executed sustainably, then yes, it can be synonymous with ethical tourism – creating a powerful positive force for conservation and local communities. On the other side of the coin, unsustainable ecotourism can be detrimental to both the natural and local communities. Ecotourism is often conducted in protected natural areas surrounded by vulnerable communities such as nature reserves, national parks, wilderness areas, heritage sites, or natural monuments. Therefore ecotourism should contribute to environmental conservation and the alleviation of poverty.   

Sustainable Ecotourism

Sustainable ecotourism is responsible travel to protected or vulnerable natural areas that focus on environmental conservation/education while sustaining local communities’ economic and social well-being. For ecotourism to be sustainable for generations to come, it must include all three pillars, or the triple bottom line, of sustainability as seen in the infographic.

Nature-based tourism vs. ecotourism?

Many people use nature-based and ecotourism interchangeably, but they are not the same. Nature-based tourism is traveling to a natural landscape to simply enjoy nature. Whereas sustainable ecotourism is visiting a place with the goal of contributing to conservation while benefitting the community for a positive impact. I consider the multi-day hikes I do in the European Alps nature-based, as I am just out for a hike. When I went on a tour with a local company in New Zealand to learn about and support the conservation of little penguins that was ecotourism.

The penguin tour I did in New Zealand is a great example of a sustainable eco-tour. We learned about local conservation efforts of a penguin colony on the brink of extinction (environmental), supported a local farm and conservation group (economic), and had a high-quality social engagement learning about New Zealand’s connection to the environment (Social).

Unsustainable Ecotourism

Tour operators and travel companies may conduct ecotours as a marketing ploy to get the attention of travelers looking for more environmentally friendly travel options. Unsustainable ecotourism may embody only one or two pillars of sustainable ecotourism. Adventure companies or individual travelers may partake in nature-based adventures while disregarding local communities. Others may seek to capitalize on the economic gain of nature-based tourism while exploiting nature. Other companies may lack adequate support and resources to meet well-intended goals. All are examples of unsustainable ecotourism and result in problematic exploitation of natural resources or local communities. 

Five Requirements of Sustainable Ecotourism

What else separates sustainable and unsustainable ecotourism? It’s not enough for ecotourism to target the three pillars of sustainability vaguely at free will. Carefully-thought-out itineraries should be constructed before engaging in ecotourism. While there is situational and regional flexibility in how sustainable ecotourism plays out in real-life, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed five minimum requirements, hitting all three pillars, that tourists and tour operators should address before engaging in ecotourism. These guidelines can be used to create a custom itinerary when visiting vulnerable natural communities or when booking a tour operator.

1. Safeguard the environment, conserving natural resources, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity. 

Any amount of tourism in an area can degrade the ecosystem to some extent, but generally allowing people to access natural areas sustainably and connect with nature outweighs any negative impacts. Ultimately you should be contributing to conservation efforts while taking steps to have as little impact on the environment as possible. Environmental education is a key component of this, and as you visit vulnerable areas you should make effort to learn about local biodiversity and environmental concerns. In the Tongass National Forest, ecotourism was praised as being a sustainable alternative to the detrimental logging industry. However, if just as many trees are cut and just as many roads are built to accommodate tourism, we have just replaced logging with tourism. Thankfully that hasn’t happened yet.

Red Flags 

• Mass crowds, overdevelopment, and overtourism. Overdevelopment of the region surrounding a protected area to accommodate mass tourism may negatively impact nature. Many species are not confined to the protected natural zone, and over-development can damage migration and breeding patterns, increase water and air pollution, and increase erosion. Protected areas often have a limited capacity before ecosystem degradation may occur.

• Large tour busses or cruise ships that drop large groups of people off in a protected region.

• If a protected region is capitalizing on economic profit and bringing in as many guests as possible without sticking to a sustainable plan, this might be a sign of unsustainable ecotourism. 

• The presence of mega hotel chains, sprawling highways, and foreign-owned resorts.
• Clear-cutting and ecosystem fragmentation.

Actionable Steps

• Look for places with non-invasive infrastructure, safe distances from animals, well-planned trails, viewing platforms/sky bridges, nature centers for education, etc.

• Find alternatives to nature’s hot spots, seeking out small-scale educational nature-based tourism.

• Visit places that minimize capacity with permits and quotas.

• Be willing to pay fees and fines that support sustainable infrastructure.

• Learn and follow all regional, local, and tribal etiquette before entering a protected area. 

• Support eco-lodges, regenerative hotels, and other low-impact options.
• Book small group tours or go alone and hire personal local guides to take you into nature on a designated trail.

Read a guest post by an ecologist from India about the do’s and don’ts for visiting national parks in India. This post highlights proper behavior to ensure that you, your local guide, the ecosystem, and the animals you see are safeguarded and protected. – A great example of sustainable ecotourism.

2. Safeguard cultural and spiritual qualities by conserving the natural heritage of the region and locals.

Oftentimes, without even knowing it, we, as travelers, support the decline of a region’s cultural heritage. With the presence of tourism locals may feel the pressure to please us with certain trinkets or displays that don’t align with their culture to put on a show. There are a few cruise shows in Alaska that are not traditional and are upsetting to certain elders. We can still learn about and support traditions by appreciating authentic experiences though, for example, The Alaska Native Heritage Center is operated by Native stakeholders, and the art, song, dance, and cultural shows are true to the tribe’s heritage. Another example would be going to Ireland and expecting it to be one big Irish American St. Paddy’s event – so pubs might cater to that disregarding traditional values.

Red Flags 

• Locals selling mass-produced or cheap trinkets, such as sunglasses, outside protected zones. Many of these people may have given up traditional crafts or lifestyles to get short-term benefits from tourism in the area because they have been exploited and excluded for tourism’s economic benefits.

• International tour companies that host cultural shows in which traditional songs, dances, or clothing have been changed to appeal to foreigners.  

Actionable Steps

• Invest in quality certified crafts work from master artisans – look for certifications.

• Seek out authentic cultural experiences from homestays or by learning from local guides.

• Visit Indigenous or locally-owned culture centers for an authentic educational song, dance, and cultural experience.  

3. Respect the rights, traditional values, cultural authenticity, and heritage of Indigenous Peoples and local communities while contributing to intercultural understanding, education, and tolerance.

If there is one thing that can really grind my gears, it’s when tourists have more rights than locals. When Glacier Bay National Park, first opened to tourism many Indigenous groups were no longer allowed to use the land for subsistence hunting and gathering. Meanwhile, massive cruise ships pulled in and dumped their greywater. Efforts are being made to restore subsistence rights, and Indigenous tribes can now harvest certain things, but as it still stands, most cruise companies have more rights in that Bay than many Alaskans.

Red Flags 

• Areas that give tourists more rights than local or Indigenous Peoples. i.e., when people climbed Uluru on eco-excursions, despite the wishes of Australia’s Aboriginal People.

• Tours that bring you into protected natural areas without providing ways to learn about local or Indigenous culture directly from the marginalized people. 

Actionable Steps 

• If Indigenous groups have been displaced from an area, take it upon yourself to enter the protected area as a guest respecting the traditional owners.

• Hire local guides or meet locals to engage in cultural exchange.

• Learn about tribal history, present, culture, and wishes.

• Perform a land acknowledgment.

• If an area is sacred to an Indigenous group and they ask you not to enter, reconsider your plans and find a viable alternative. 

4. Create viable, long-term economic operations in the region that are distributed fairly and with equity to anyone impacted by tourism in the area. Provide stable employment, income opportunities, social services to host destinations/communities contributing to poverty reduction.  

The presence of a healthy tourism industry looks great on paper in any region. But, if you dig deep you’ll start to notice that maybe a lot of that money leaves the local destination and ends up in the pockets of large multi-national companies. Or maybe locals don’t have access to year-round jobs that provide them with enough healthcare and healthy food because of boom-bust seasonal cycles. Ensuring locals have access to good stable employment is important to reduce global poverty.

Red Flags

• Tourism leakage . Leakage happens when large international tour corporations or foreign-owned all-inclusive resorts profit off ecotourism while locals are forced deeper into poverty. Locals should be the ones primarily profiting off tourism as they primarily suffer any negative impacts.
• Lack of local guides. Lack of locals in management or hospitality positions.
• Mass-overtourism booms happening during a short seasonal window, resulting in an employment depression during the off-season.
• Foreign workers imported for cheap labor exploitation or imported to make tourists comfortable.

Actionable Steps 

• Support locally owned tour companies providing stable year-round jobs, training, and income-earning opportunities for residents. 

• Support local businesses and buy local products when traveling through vulnerable communities.

• Visit places during the shoulder or off-season to support a healthy year-round economy.

• Avoid booking with international tour companies and all-inclusive resorts unless they engage in the trip-bottom line. 

5. Create meaningful and high-quality visitor experiences based on locally driven education seeking to connect travelers to the environment, local culture, and why conservation matters.

If you’re just stepping out of a tour bus for that Instagram photo opportunity without learning about your destination, you are not having a meaningful or high-quality experience. Slow down and enjoy the lesser-known sights, learn about the local food, nature, and people.

Red Flags

• Tour busses that drop people off in a protected area to look around and snap a few photos and leave without offering educational information or ways to learn about the landscape.

• Violating local rules to gain access to a protected area for an Instagram photo.

Actionable Steps

• Engage in ecotourism that hinges on environmental education and cultural connection.

• Stay in a region for longer than a bus stop or half a day.

• Book locally owned accommodation engaging in regenerative practices that educate you in meaningful ways.

• Please do it for more than the gram.

The Pros and Cons of Ecotourism

There is no perfect model of truly sustainable ecotourism. Even the most sustainable ecotourism models will have some negative implications, but the ultimate goal is to create a long-term sustainable plan that maximizes benefits and minimizes negative impacts.  As you can see the potential benefits are almost equal to any potential negative impacts. The key is understanding how your presence can have a positive or negative impact, and strive to check as many positives as possible. Ensure you are engaging in ecotourism that ticks positives in environmental, social, AND economic, otherwise, it is likely the negatives outweigh the positives of sustainable ecotourism. 

Potential Positives of Ecotourism
Potential Negatives of Ecotourism

Environmental

• Connects tourists to nature (they are more likely to adopt sustainable habits)

• Incentivizes governments to support conservation

• Supports the research of environment and ecotourism

• Supports biodiversity and species awareness

• Reduces poaching and illegal animal trade

• Reduces land exploitation from deforestation and fossil fuels

• Locals more tolerant of disturbances from wildlife

• Increase in pollution, carbon emissions, and contamination

• Changes in soil

• Ecosystem fragmentation 

• Introduction of invasive species 

• Overfishing and harvesting to supply food for tourists

• Change in species behavior

• Increased tourist/wildlife conflict

• Increased mortality of species from roadkill, etc.

Economic

• Economic incentive to conserve and protect nature

• Jobs and income for residents

• Diversifies economy 

• Financial support of conservation through tourism fees

• Encourages local manufactures and crafts

• Enable locals to learn new skills and trade

• Seasonal job loss during low season

• Tourism leakage to international companies

• Locals in low wage jobs; no room for growth

• Over dependency on tourism 

• Inflation and exclusion of local land owners

• Unequal distribution of benefits

Social

• Improved standard of living for locals

• Intercultural understanding

• Inclusion of Indigenous voices

• Appreciation for cultural heritage and traditions

• Encourage conservation of culture, crafts, and arts

• Promote health and well-being through recreation

• Puts conservation in the hands of local people and governments

• Commodification of local culture and traditions

• Decline in traditional crafts and trade 

• Destabilization of communities  

• Exploitation of women and children

• Displacement of local communities

• Loss of subsistence access

• Locals and Indigenous Peoples losing land-right access 

• Stress from over-tourism

Does the Good Outweigh the Bad?

I went on an eco-tour to see brown bears in the wild in Alaska. We learned about brown bears from a distance and the Lake Clark National Park ecosystem (environmental), with a local company (economic), on a quality tour (social). However, I think they could have included more information about the region’s Indigenous culture (social). So, I made sure to do some of my own research, doing a land acknowledgment, and discovering the park’s true name is Qizhjeh Vena, meaning a place where people gather in Dena’ina language. Despite a few shortcomings, I decided this ecotour had more positive than negative impacts especially since Indigenous Alaskans have access to the park. But, this shows that not everything will be perfect. You can weigh your options and take personal actions outside of the tour to balance it out, such as independent research, donations, land acknowledgments, and buy high-quality souvenirs.