Intelligent Business Pre Int Teacher Book Unit1 – Unit 1: Activities UNIT 1 Keynotes Read through – Studocu

Unit 1: Activities

UNIT 1

Keynotes

Read through the keynotes with your class. Check that they
understand the terms in bold. Ask questions such as: What
manufacturers/retailers can you think of? What goods do they
make or what services do they provide? Draw Ss’ attention to
the glossary for this unit at the back of the book.
Coursebook, Glossary, Unit 1, page 147

Preview

Focus on the company names and ask Ss if they use any of the
companies listed. Ask Ss to look through the words in A
(verbs) and B (nouns). Encourage Ss to use a dictionary to
clarify meaning where necessary. Choose one of the companies
and demonstrate the activity with the whole class, eliciting
words from A and B to talk about the company’s activities.
Then ask Ss to work in pairs or small groups to discuss the
remaining companies. Have a brief feedback session and then
brainstorm more companies. Write the company names on the
board as Ss call them out. Elicit information about these
companies’ activities with the whole class.

Reading 1

Ask Ss to close books. As a lead-in, ask Ss what nationality
General Electric is (American). Ask Ss to guess what
business activities General Electric is involved in. Open
books. Read the text with the whole class. Ask Ss to answer
the questions in pairs.

Speaking

Tell the class about a company in your country or home town.
Talk about the company’s main activities and tell Ss whether it
specialises in one industry sector or whether it has diversified
interests. Ask Ss to choose a company in their own country or
town and discuss the same points with a partner.

1 media, financial services
2 industrial machinery, plastics
3 300,
4 diversified

Suggested answers
Sony develops and manufactures electronic goods.
Citibank offers banking services.
Nike designs and manufactures clothing.
AOL provides internet services.
Wal-Mart sells food and drink.
Toyota designs and manufactures cars.

This unit looks at talking about a company’s business
activities. When we talk about a company’s activities we
normally describe the different areas that it is involved
in. Companies can be divided into sectors – those that:
– produce goods (manufacturers)
– provide services (service providers)
– sell goods to the public (retailers)
– are involved in TV, film and publishing (media).
Some companies concentrate on one main activity,
while others are involved in more than one sector. For
example, General Electric (see page 8) is a multi-
national company which is involved in a number of
different areas such as manufacturing technological
products, offering financial services and media.
It is possible to classify business activity into three
sections:
– primary
– secondary
– tertiary.
Primary business activity describes extractive areas
such as agriculture, mining, fishing, etc. This type of
activity generally focuses on extracting and utilising
resources provided by nature.
Secondary business activity includes manufacturing
and construction industries (those that make, build or
assemble products, e. car production).
Tertiary activity includes businesses that provide
services (e. banking, public transport, consultancy,
web design, etc.). Services can be divided into direct
services that are offered directly to the general public
and commercial services, which deal with other
businesses. However, many businesses (e. banking)
offer services which are used by the public as well as by
other commercial companies.

UNIT OBJECTIVES

Reading : Move over game boys
Language: Present simple and continuous
Vocabulary: Roles and activities
Word building
Career skills: Explaining your job
Culture at work: Greeting people
Dilemma & Decision: Exporting to Mexico (email)

Reading 2

Before reading the article, ask Ss to identify what the title is
and how many paragraphs it has (7).

Focus Ss’ attention on the title, the picture and the fact that
Lynn is a woman’s name, and ask Ss what they think the
article is about (women making a career in the video game
industry). Draw attention to the glossary on the page and
remind Ss of the glossary for Unit 1 at the back of the book.
Get Ss to read the first paragraph and underline an example
of Frognation’s activities (it creates soundtracks and designs
and translates Japanese video games for the UK market) and
circle an example of what Lynn Robson does in her work
(creates the video games with her designers and developers).
Ss read the rest of the text to find more examples.

Reading 2

Ask Ss to read the article again and answer the questions. Do
the first one together as an example. Get Ss to compare
answers with a partner before having a feedback session. You
might like to ask Ss to correct any sentences that are false.

Speaking

Ask Ss to work in small groups to discuss the good and bad
things about Lynn’s job. On the board write the words good
and bad. During feedback note Ss’ suggestions under the
appropriate heading. Ask Ss if they would like Lynn’s job and
if they would like to work for Frognation. Why? / Why not?

Speaking

In the same groups, Ss discuss the second question. In the
feedback session for the whole class, encourage Ss to expand
their answers. For example, if they do not like video games,
ask why. If they do like them, ask for examples of the games
that they enjoy and ask what they like about them.

Vocabulary 1

Ask Ss to match the words with the meanings (a–e). To help
them, Ss could look for words 1, 3, 4 and 5 in the reading
text to see how they are used in context.

Vocabulary 2

Write the job areas (1–6) on the board and encourage Ss to
suggest what to call someone who works in each area. Then
ask Ss to suggest other job titles and discuss what areas each
job is in. Elicit one or two of the job titles coming up in the
next activity.

Vocabulary 2

Ss can use dictionaries to help with this task. Do the first
sentence together as an example.

Language check

Introduce the present simple and present continuous by
writing the following sentences on the board:

1

1 adviser
2 representative
3 assistant
4 management consultant
5 software developer
6 film producer

2

1 accountant 2 artist
3 banker 4 economist
5 engineer 6 musician

1

1 e 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 c

2

1

1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 T

2

Company activities : creates soundtracks, designs and
translates Japanese video games for the UK market;
represents producers with great game ideas and helps
them to sell their ideas to Sony or Nintendo in Tokyo;
provides advice on everything from the music soundtrack
and graphics to the game programming and characters
Lynn’s activities : runs the UK office; gives advice on
what will work in both countries; gives clients in the
West information about Japanese culture; helps Japanese
partners present their ideas in the West

1

Optional activity
Photocopiable resource 1 (page 105)
Ask Ss to do more research on a company for
homework. Ss can choose a company from anywhere in
the world to complete the table about. Encourage Ss to
choose a different company from the one they used in
the speaking exercise. Give each S a copy of the
worksheet and check the areas and useful phrases with
them. Tell Ss that they can use the internet or any other
sources to find information. For homework, Ss make
notes and complete the table. During the next lesson, ask
Ss to work in pairs / small groups and use their notes to
talk about the company.

INTELLIGENT BUSINESS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE) TEACHER’S BOOK: COURSEBOOK

Reading 3

Ask Ss to read the two emails and, with the whole class,
discuss which follows Anna Davidson’s recommendations.
Encourage Ss to suggest ways that email B can be improved
(by making it like email A).

Writing

Discuss ways to open and close an email, encouraging Ss to
give their ideas.
Possible ways to open: Dear … Hello … Hi …
Possible ways to close: Yours sincerely , Regards , Best wishes.
Both the opening and closing salutations have the most
formal expressions first and the least formal last. Ask Ss to
write the email and compare their answer with a partner.

Style guide, page 6

Career skills

Ask Ss to think of situations where they may need to explain
what job they do (conferences, meetings, training courses,
etc.). Ask Ss to match the phrases and questions.

Listening 2

Ask Ss to say what job, company and main activity they think
will go together. Play the first speaker and invite answers around
the class. Play the other three speakers and check answers.

Listening 2

Play the recording again and ask Ss to note other activities
that each speaker does.

Listening 2

Draw Ss’ attention to the Career skills box. Ask Ss to tick the
phrases they heard. Play the listening again for Ss to check.

Speaking

Pretend to be Olaf, Rania, Da The or Jaana and introduce
yourself to the class. Talk about your (character’s) job,
company and job activities. Ask Ss to work in pairs and
choose information about one of the four characters,
introducing themselves to their partner.

Speaking

Take time to set up the role-play and make sure that Ss
understand what they need to do. Divide Ss into pairs and
ask them each to choose a different company and job to
answer questions about. Ss take it in turns to ask questions
a–d from the Career skills box. If your Ss are working, you
could then ask Ss to ask the questions again with another
partner, answering with real information about themselves.

Culture at work

Ask Ss to read the information individually and discuss in
pairs or small groups. You may find it helpful to look at the
Culture at work box from page 7 of the Skills Book; this is
reproduced below. You may also find it helpful to refer to the
relevant section on Culture at work in the teacher’s notes for
the Skills Book.

Skills Book, Culture at work, page 7
Teacher’s Book, page 119

2

1

Olaf: I’m a … I work for … I’m responsible for
Rania: I work as a … for … My role is to …
Da The: I’m a … I work for … My main role is to …
Jaana: I’m an … I’m responsible for …

3

Olaf: He is responsible for the website and develops new
systems for the future.
Rania: She also finds out what clients want, prepares
proposals and presents the proposals to clients.
Da The: He also takes part in negotiations for new
contracts with suppliers.
Jaana: She checks suppliers’ invoices and sends them
their payments.

2

Olaf Systems Developer Finance house
manages IT systems
Rania Project Manager Travel company meets clients
Da The Lawyer Mobile phone company
checks contracts
Jaana Accountant Paper manufacturer
deals with payments

1

1 d 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 c 6 c

Email A follows Anna’s recommendations.

INTELLIGENT BUSINESS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE) TEACHER’S BOOK: COURSEBOOK

Formal Informal
Some cultures treat business Some cultures see business
cards formally and with cards simply as a way
great respect. to exchange important
The information on the card personal details
can include the title of the (name, company, contact
person and their qualifications. numbers).
In some cultures the The cards can be read
person receives the card quickly and then put in
in both hands and reads a pocket.
the information carefully.
It is not polite to write on It is OK to write additional
a card unless the person information on the card.
giving the cards says that
it is OK.

Dilemma

As a lead-in ask Ss: What products or services does your
country export? What countries does it export to? Tell Ss that
they are going to read about a British company called
Systemax, which manufactures laboratory equipment. Focus
Ss’ attention on the chart and ask what countries the
company exports to. Which country buys most products from
Systemax? Which buys the least? Point to the title ‘Exporting
to Mexico’ and ask where Mexico is (Central America). Read
the brief with the class and clarify any unfamiliar vocabulary.
Ask Ss to summarise the information in order to check
comprehension. Ask Ss what three things Systemax directors
need to consider.

Task 1: Divide Ss into two groups. Ask Group A to turn to
page 137 and read the information about George. Group B
turns to page 140 and reads the information about Linda.
Each group answers the three questions that directors have to
consider about the person they have information on.

Task 2: Put Ss in new groups of four to six. Half the group
should contain people from Group A and half from Group B.
First, the groups should tell each other the information that
they have about George and Linda. The groups decide
whether to give extra responsibility to George or Linda or
whether to look for a third export manager. Ask each group
to nominate a person to present their decision to the whole
group. Encourage Ss to say why they made their decision.

Decision

Ask Ss to listen to Alistair Cross. What decision did
Systemax take? (appoint Linda) What reasons does he give
for the decision? (good experience of business in Spain and
of Latin culture)

Write it up

Ask Ss to write an email to George or Linda offering him/her
the job. You may wish to ask Ss to prepare the writing in
class, complete it for homework and then compare with a
partner in the next lesson before handing it in to be marked.
Give each S a photocopy of the Writing preparation
framework from page 188. Then use the Writing focus
(Writing focus: Emails) opposite to link the use of the
framework and the Style guide as Ss plan their writing. It
may be helpful to use the Writing feedback framework on
page 189 when marking Ss’ writing.

Style guide, page 6
Style guide, General rules, page 3
Skills Book, Writing 2, page 32
Teacher’s Book, page 138
Teacher’s Book, Writing preparation framework, page 188
Teacher’s Book, Writing feedback framework, page 18 9

Writing focus: Emails

1 First, decide who you are.
(In this case, you are a director from Systemax.)
2 Every time you start to write, you need to ask
yourself two questions:
a What is the purpose of this piece of writing?
b Who am I writing to?
(Here Ss are writing to offer George Johnstone or
Linda McCade a job.)
3 Look at the section on Emails on page 6 of the Style
guide. Notice the suggested structure of an email:
From/To/Cc/Date/Subject
Greeting
Message
Closing phrase
Name
Start with the most important information. Put less
important information in the second paragraph.
Is this structure appropriate for this email? Plan the
paragraphs you are going to divide the email into.
Then brainstorm the points you might cover in each
paragraph.
4 What style should the email be written in?
(As it says in the Style guide, it is a good idea to keep
emails short and use short sentences and simple
language. This is an email to colleagues offering a
job, so the style should be neutral/semi-formal.)
5 What words and phrases might be appropriate in your
email?
(See the Useful phrases in the Style guide.)
6 Now go ahead and write the email.
7 When you have finished, check your writing for:
logical structure, clarity of ideas, accuracy of
language, appropriateness of style.

UNIT 1

Keynotes

Introduce the topic by asking Ss to suggest ways that
information technology has changed the way that information
is collected and stored (information technology makes it
easier to collect and access information and large amounts of
information can be stored). This unit is going to look at the
way that information is collected and stored. Point to the title
‘No privacy’ and ask Ss if they think that people had more
now or in the past. Now ask Ss to read the Keynotes section.
Make sure that Ss understand the words in bold. Draw Ss’
attention to the glossary for this unit at the back of the book.

Coursebook, Glossary, Unit 2, page 147

Preview

Draw attention to the example. Ask Ss why they think that
companies and organisations might want to collect
information about individuals. Elicit one or two suggestions
around the class and then ask Ss to discuss the two questions
in pairs.

Listening 1

Check Ss understand the information in a–c. Ask Ss to listen
to the first speaker and match Amy with her job. Play the rest
of the recording for Ss to match Bob and Carla with their jobs.
Ask Ss which job they think sounds most interesting. Why?

Listening 1

Ask Ss to listen again and answer the questions. Get Ss to
discuss their answers with a partner before checking with the
whole class.

Listening 1

Complete the first sentence together to demonstrate. Ask Ss
to complete the remaining sentences individually. Listen
again to check.

Speaking

Ask Ss in the class to read the statements aloud. Check that
Ss understand the meaning. First, ask Ss to answer the
questions for themselves. Then divide the class into small

1 keeps
2 enters
3 browse
4 uses
5 updates

3

1 For when the company wants to send special offers to
different groups of customers.
2 How many consumers are there in the market? Who
are they? What do they want?
3 The marketing team.
4 A buyer; she tries to find the best products for the best
price.
5 No – she searches for new products and suppliers.

2

1 b 2 c 3 a

1

This unit looks at the ways that data is collected and
managed. Increased use of the internet in recent years
means that more data about individuals can be collected
and stored than ever before. Some of this information is
used to analyse people’s buying habits. Some argue that
the collection of so much data about individuals can
help with efficiency and improve customer service. For
example, when buying goods online, a company can
retain delivery details, which means that when you buy
from that company again you are not required to
complete your delivery address, etc. Choices that
customers make mean that a company can collate
information and inform customers when other similar
items of interest are available. However, others are
uneasy that companies and organisations are able to
collect and retain so much information about
individuals. They question what use the information will
be put to. Some civil liberties groups argue that we live
in a time of unprecedented electronic surveillance when
every transaction and movement can be monitored.

UNIT OBJECTIVES

Reading: No hiding place
Language: Countable and uncountable
Vocabulary: Using the internet
Quantity and number
Career skills: Checking information
Culture at work: Are you precise or
approximate?
Dilemma & Decision: Buy it now! (report)

UNIT 2

Unit 2: Data

groups to discuss the statements and rank the things that they
are most/least happy with and think are most/least necessary.
Have a whole-group feedback session to compare ideas.

Reading

Tell Ss that they are going to read an article about data
protection and the internet. Look at the headline and ask Ss
to say what they think it means. From the title, do Ss think
that the article will be positive or negative about internet
privacy? Draw attention to the glossary and remind them of
the glossary for Unit 2 at the back of the book. Ask Ss to
read the article quickly and choose the sentence 1–3 that they
think sums up the main idea. Ask Ss what information in the
article helped them to make their choice.

Reading

Ask Ss to read the article again more slowly and carefully to
answer the questions.

Speaking

Check that Ss understand the questions. Ask Ss to work in
groups to answer the questions. On the board write:

Governments Individuals Companies

Ask groups to share their ideas about how each of the above
benefits from surveillance. Ask groups to compare ideas of
what they think the dangers of too much surveillance might be.

Vocabulary 1

Ask Ss to match the words with the pictures. Go over any
items that Ss are still unclear about.

Vocabulary 1

Ss use the words from exercise 1 to complete the text. Check
answers around the class.

Vocabulary 2

Focus Ss on the word box. Ask Ss to find an example of a
word that means large / a lot. Do the same for small / not
many. Ss complete the groups and compare their answers
with a partner.

Vocabulary 2

Ask Ss to match the numerical expressions with the
descriptions and check answers in pairs.

Listening 2

Ask Ss to say what they think Bob’s answer to 1–7 might be.
Ss listen and write the numbers they hear. Ask Ss to compare
answers with a partner. Ask the class if any information was
surprising.

1 4,542 2 1 minutes
3 2 4 2,
5 1,395 6 57
7 31

Optional activity
Ask Ss to suggest other ways of describing the size of
something (e. five metres high , two metres long , etc.).
Then ask Ss to suggest other ways to describe the
frequency of something ( three times a month, ten times
a year , every week , every other day , etc.).

1 b 2 e 3 d 4 a 5 c

2

Optional activity
To extend the activity, ask Ss to work in pairs and
brainstorm things that could be described by the
vocabulary words (e. a bit of cake , a huge investment ,
millions of people , etc.).

Large / a lot: huge, millions, a mountain of, substantial,
wide, enormous
Small / not many: a bit of, a few, tiny, a fraction

1

1 search engine 2 keyword
3 click 4 websites
5 screen 6 online shopping
7 password

2

1 d 2 h 3 e 4 a 5 g 6 c 7 f 8 b

1

1 They leave cookies in their computers.
2 They can monitor mobile phone calls; collect data
from electronic ticket systems and electronic access to
buildings; use video cameras and tracking chips.
3 cameras that see through clothing, satellites that can
recognise small objects, tracking chips
4 security against terrorists and criminals, higher
productivity at work, a wider selection of products,
more convenience
5 They hate the idea but don’t know how to stop it.

2

3

1

INTELLIGENT BUSINESS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE) TEACHER’S BOOK: COURSEBOOK

Practice

Point out that there are two different conversations in
exercise 1. Ask Ss to complete the conversations with a
partner. As Ss finish, ask pairs to read the conversations
aloud together.

Practice

Ask Ss to complete the exercise individually and then read
the conversation with a partner, to check.

Workbook, page 10

Speaking

Give Ss time to decide what region/town/company they want
to ask questions on. Ss may prefer to write the questions
first. Ask Ss to take it in turns to ask and answer questions.
Circulate and encourage. It would be useful to note any areas
that Ss might be having problems with and go over them
with the whole class.

Career skills

Books closed. Ask Ss what sort of numbers they use in their
work (telephone numbers, figures, addresses). Ask Ss what
they would do if they were on the phone and the other person
said a number that they could not hear correctly. Note
suggestions and ask Ss how they would ask the person to say
the number again. Note suggestions on the board. Open

books and ask Ss to read the expressions for checking
information. Compare with the phrases that the class
suggested.
Together, look at the phrases for approximate numbers.

Listening 5

Ss are going to hear two people talking on the phone and will
need to note the precise or approximate figures that they
hear. Check answers around the class. Ask Ss if any of the
statistics surprised them.

Listening 5

Ask Ss to look again at the phrases in the Career skills box. Ss
listen again and tick the phrases that they hear. You may wish
to pause the recording and ask Ss to copy the intonation of the
speaker as they say the phrases. Ss who are from cultures
where a more direct form of communication is used may find
it strange that the speaker uses sorry in many of the phrases
for checking information. You could explain that sorry is being
used as a polite expression rather than an apology.

Speaking

Divide the class into two groups, A and B. Ask Group A to
look at the information on page 21 and Group B to look at
the information on page 140. Give Ss time to practise saying
their figures and ask them to think about what phrases they
could use to check information. After a couple of minutes,
ask Ss to work in A/B pairs. Remind Ss to use phrases from

Did you say …?
Sorry, can I just check?
Can you repeat it, please?
Do you mean …?

2

1 about 600 million
2 about 30 per cent
3 just under 200 million / 190 million
4 over 25 hours a month

1

Optional activity
On the board write:
a) 6,000,
b) 200,
c) 2,
First check Ss know how to say the numbers exactly.
Then ask Ss how they could say the numbers
approximately.
a) about/over six million
b) about/over two hundred thousand
c) just under/about three thousand

1 much 2 a lot of 3 a lot of 4 many

2

1 some 2 any 3 some
4 any 5 a

1

Optional activity
Ask Ss to call out some objects that you find in an
office (stapler, files, phone, etc.). Get Ss to spend one
minute offering and requesting things on the list.

1 countable nouns (sentence g)
2 countable nouns (c)
3 both (b)
4 uncountable nouns (h)
5 countable nouns (i)
6 uncountable nouns (e)
7 countable nouns (j)
8 countable nouns (a)
9 uncountable nouns (f)
10 countable nouns (d)

INTELLIGENT BUSINESS (PRE-INTERMEDIATE) TEACHER’S BOOK: COURSEBOOK

the Career skills box to check information. Ask Ss to
exchange information and note down their partner’s answers.

Culture at work

Ask Ss to read the information and discuss the questions in
pairs. Remind Ss about the phrases for approximate numbers
in Career skills ( about / just under / over ). Ask if they prefer
to use expressions such as these in their own language. Do Ss
prefer to use phrases like these or do they prefer to give exact
information? You may find it helpful to look at the Culture at
work box from page 13 of the Skills Book; this is reproduced
below. You may also find it useful to refer to the relevant
section on Culture at work in the teacher’s notes supporting
the Skills Book.

Skills Book, Culture at work, page 13
Teacher’s Book, page 123

Dilemma

Ask Ss to close books. Check that Ss know what eBay is (an
online auction house where members of the public buy and
sell things; customers bid – say how much money they want
to pay – for a product and the highest bidder wins). Ask Ss if
eBay is popular in their country. Have they ever bought or
sold anything on eBay or visited the site?

Open books and Ask Ss to read the Dilemma brief. Check
comprehension of vocabulary they may not be familiar with
( set up operations , have access to , enter the market ). Ask
questions to check that Ss understand what they have to do
( What country does eBay want to expand into? What
information do they need? What is your job? ).

Task 1 : Divide the class into small groups. Each group
prepares a list of questions using the prompts 1–7. Point out
the Useful phrases box. Circulate, checking each group’s list
of questions and help Ss to self-correct where necessary. As
groups finish, ask them to practise saying the questions
quietly.

Task 2: Divide the class into two groups. Group A uses the
information on page 137 to answer as many of the questions
as possible from Task 1. Group B uses the information on
page 140 to do the same. Move between the two groups,
helping where necessary.
Task 3: Put Ss into groups of four to six. In each group, half
the Ss should be from Task 2 Group A and half should be
from Group B. Ss exchange information by asking the
questions that they were unable to find answers for in Task 2
and answering questions that they do have information about.
Remind Ss to use phrases for checking information, where
necessary.
Task 4 : In the same groups, Ss discuss whether they think it
is a good idea to set up operations in India. Encourage
groups to think of reasons why / why not. Depending on your
class, you may wish to set a time limit to help Ss focus. If
appropriate for your class, after a time you could open up the
discussion to allow the whole class to exchange ideas.
Alternatively, each group could present their ideas to another
group.

Decision

Ask Ss what decision they think eBay took. Then ask Ss to
listen to Deepak Gupta, an expert in e-commerce in India,
talk about eBay’s decision. Were Ss’ ideas correct? (eBay
bought Baazee, India’s biggest online retailer.) Ask Ss to
listen again and give reasons why eBay took this decision
(buying a local company was the best way into the market).
Ask Ss for their views on eBay’s decision.

Write it up

Ask Ss to write a conclusion to a report giving their findings
of the market research they did on India for eBay. Make sure
that Ss understand that they are only writing the conclusion
to the report – not the whole report. In their conclusion Ss
should give the decision that their group decided on and
explain the reasons for their decision. You may wish to ask
Ss to prepare the writing in class, complete it for homework
and then compare with a partner in the next lesson before
handing it in to be marked. Give each S a photocopy of the
Writing preparation framework from page 188. Then use the

Possible answers include:
2 Where do they usually use the internet?
3 Who uses the internet?
4 What do they use the internet for?
5 Are there any technical problems?
6 Do they use credit cards to pay for goods online?
7 Is there any competition from other online auction
companies in India?

UNIT 2

Precise Approximate
Some cultures prefer Other cultures sometimes
precise information. For use approximate figures.
example, if somebody is For example, somebody
talking about data, they might say ‘sales figures
use exact figures. It does increased by almost
not matter if the 25 per cent’ when the exact
information is positive figure is 21 per cent.
or negative. The This is sometimes used to
information always needs make negative data sound
to be clear and exact. more positive.