Corporate social Responsibility – a new concept of “market”, Photovoltaics on the rooftop, Assessing the risk Reading Answers
14.
Answer: B
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 3
Answer explanation: Few lines in said paragraph discusses that “during the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power.” Also, it is given that “this occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small.” If offices and factories were using more electricity during the day time that means the consumption of electricity is greater (in factories) during the day than at night in countries like California in the US and Japan.
15.
Answer: D
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph D, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, refer that, “this test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored systematically, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign.” In Japan the photovoltaics is explored and systematic testing is being done. From the knowledge gained, massive residential photovoltaics campaign are conducted.
16.
Answer: H
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 2
Answer explanation: Paragraph H puts forward the idea that “the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent may be stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures.” Since photovoltaics are getting introduced to lessen the demand of the fossil fuel emissions and make energy saving efficient, we can infer that the conventional means of generating electricty can cause burning of fossil fuel and consumes high energy.
17.
Answer: B
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “the photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network.” This line from the passage explains how photovoltaic system works.
18.
Answer: H
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph discuss that “it is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing.” Since line points towards the future plans of goverment for photovoltaic system, we can infer that it is discussing of the long-term benefits of using photovoltaics.
19.
Answer: E
Question Type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can find out that “the program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch a similar program.” A reference to wealthy countries being prepared can be observed from the information that the program is forced to its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany, which will ultimatly help less wealthy countries (stimulated other European countries) have access to photovoltaics.
20.
Answer: FALSE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: A line in the reference paragraph states that “the photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system.” From this line, we can confirm that it is not required to store electricity in a photovoltaics system.
21.
Answer: FALSE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1, and last line
Answer explanation: A line in the reference paragraph suggests that “The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. These stations contained a number of ‘dummy’ houses, each with different solar-energy system designs.” Also, “a change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program.” Since the US government halted the program in the 1980s, it would be incorrect to say that the US government has provided ongoing continuous support for the use of photovoltaics on homes.
22.
Answer: TRUE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 2
Answer explanation: At the beginning of paragraph D it is given that “with the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 ‘dummy5 homes.” Since there were 18 dummy homes in Rokko Island we can infer that the solar-powered houses on Rokko Island are uninhabited.
23.
Answer: TRUE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: Paragraph F infers that “the program made a modest start in 1994 when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 per cent.” Hence, it is true that in 1994, the Japanese government was providing half the money required for (modest start) installing photovoltaics on homes.
24.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Australia all have strict goals concerning greenhouse gas emissions.
25.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that residential electricity use is the major source of greenhouse gas emission.
26.
Answer: FALSE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph H, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can find out that “approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householder’s outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills.” Here, the author suggests how a renovation can help people. However, in the question, it is mentioned that energy-saving measures may now be included (not should be) in the design of all new homes and improvements to buildings.
Reading Passage 3
27.
Answer: TRUE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph A suggests that “as a title for a supposedly unprejudiced debate on scientific progress, “Panic attack: interrogating our obsession with risk” did not bode well.” The debate is actually prejudiced but they want to make it seem like unbiased. Since the title does not fit, it means it is showing the real intent of the debate (prejudiced). So the title is biased.
28.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that all the scientists invited to the debate were from the field of medicine.
29.
Answer: FALSE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the said paragraph discusses that “in short, their message was: no risk, no gain.” Since scientists suggested that no risk means no gain, we can deduce that scientists who conducted the survey did not suggest that people shouldn’t take risks.
30.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that all the 40 listed technologies are riskier than other technologies.
31.
Answer: TRUE
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph F, last line
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph states that “of course, antibiotics were a priority. Of course, the risks, such as they could be perceived, were worth taking.” Hence, this line confirms that it was worth taking the risks to invent antibiotics.
32.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: True/False/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that all the other inventions on the list were also judged by the precautionary principle.
33.
Answer: consumer’s right
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 4
Answer explanation: A line in the given paragraph suggests that “a crucial issue is the consumer’s choice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of new technology, the consumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit. Clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes.” Hence, when assessing risk, statistics aren’t the only aspect to consider. Apart from statistics, another factor to examine is consumer choice, or the right of consumers to make their own decisions.
34.
Answer: risk and benefit
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 3
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph states that “a crucial issue is the consumer’s choice. In deciding whether to pursue the development of new technology, the consumer’s right to choose should be considered alongside considerations of risk and benefit.” Besides taking into consideration the consumer’s right, risk and benefit that comes alongside should also be considered.
35.
Answer: Skiing
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 6
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “clearly, skiing is more dangerous than genetically modified tomatoes. But people who ski choose to do so; they do not have skiing thrust upon them by portentous experts of the kind who now feel they have the right to reconstruct our crops.” According to this information, even though skiing is considered dangerous (risky) people still enojy skiing.
36.
Answer: GM crops
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph I, line 1
Answer explanation: At the beginning of paragraph I it is given that “indeed, in contrast to all the other items on Spiked’s list, GM crops stand out as an example of a technology whose benefits are far from clear. Some of the risks can at least be defined.” Hence, experts suggeststhat future population need GM crops because of its benefits inspite of its risks.
37.
Answer: wheat and rice
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph I, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the said paragraph discusses that “the crops that really matter are wheat and rice, and there is no GM research in the pipeline that will seriously affect the yield of either.” GM research has not affectly worked on the yield of crops such as wheat and rice.
38.
Answer: production
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph I, last line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “GM is used to make production cheaper and hence more profitable, which is an extremely questionable ambition.” The GM researches are directed towards bringing about a reduction in the cost of (cheaper) production.
39.
Answer: mistrust
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph J, line 3
Answer explanation: A line in the given paragraph suggests that “people at large continue to mistrust science and the high technologies it produces partly because they doubt the wisdom of scientists.” Hence, we can infer that people mistrust scientists because of their selfish use of the precautionary principle for business and political gain.
40.
Answer: A
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Complete passage
Answer explanation: In the complete passage, it is said that the author discusses how science may be questioned and that people have the freedom to do so.
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