Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) | TensorFlow Core

This tutorial demonstrates training a simple Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify CIFAR images. Because this tutorial uses the Keras Sequential API, creating and training your model will take just a few lines of code.

Import TensorFlow

import tensorflow as tf

from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, models
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

2022-12-14 02:35:18.952623: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 02:35:18.952732: W tensorflow/compiler/xla/stream_executor/platform/default/dso_loader.cc:64] Could not load dynamic library 'libnvinfer_plugin.so.7'; dlerror: libnvinfer_plugin.so.7: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
2022-12-14 02:35:18.952748: W tensorflow/compiler/tf2tensorrt/utils/py_utils.cc:38] TF-TRT Warning: Cannot dlopen some TensorRT libraries. If you would like to use Nvidia GPU with TensorRT, please make sure the missing libraries mentioned above are installed properly.

Download and prepare the CIFAR10 dataset

The CIFAR10 dataset contains 60,000 color images in 10 classes, with 6,000 images in each class. The dataset is divided into 50,000 training images and 10,000 testing images. The classes are mutually exclusive and there is no overlap between them.

(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = datasets.cifar10.load_data()

# Normalize pixel values to be between 0 and 1
train_images, test_images = train_images / 255.0, test_images / 255.0

Downloading data from https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz
170498071/170498071 [==============================] - 3s 0us/step

Verify the data

To verify that the dataset looks correct, let’s plot the first 25 images from the training set and display the class name below each image:

class_names = ['airplane', 'automobile', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer',
               'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck']

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
for i in range(25):
    plt.subplot(5,5,i+1)
    plt.xticks([])
    plt.yticks([])
    plt.grid(False)
    plt.imshow(train_images[i])
    # The CIFAR labels happen to be arrays, 
    # which is why you need the extra index
    plt.xlabel(class_names[train_labels[i][0]])
plt.show()

Create the convolutional base

The 6 lines of code below define the convolutional base using a common pattern: a stack of Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layers.

As input, a CNN takes tensors of shape (image_height, image_width, color_channels), ignoring the batch size. If you are new to these dimensions, color_channels refers to (R,G,B). In this example, you will configure your CNN to process inputs of shape (32, 32, 3), which is the format of CIFAR images. You can do this by passing the argument input_shape to your first layer.

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(32, 32, 3)))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)))
model.add(layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))

Let’s display the architecture of your model so far:

model.summary()

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
 conv2d (Conv2D)             (None, 30, 30, 32)        896       
                                                                 
 max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D  (None, 15, 15, 32)       0         
 )                                                               
                                                                 
 conv2d_1 (Conv2D)           (None, 13, 13, 64)        18496     
                                                                 
 max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling  (None, 6, 6, 64)         0         
 2D)                                                             
                                                                 
 conv2d_2 (Conv2D)           (None, 4, 4, 64)          36928     
                                                                 
=================================================================
Total params: 56,320
Trainable params: 56,320
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

Above, you can see that the output of every Conv2D and MaxPooling2D layer is a 3D tensor of shape (height, width, channels). The width and height dimensions tend to shrink as you go deeper in the network. The number of output channels for each Conv2D layer is controlled by the first argument (e.g., 32 or 64). Typically, as the width and height shrink, you can afford (computationally) to add more output channels in each Conv2D layer.

Add Dense layers on top

To complete the model, you will feed the last output tensor from the convolutional base (of shape (4, 4, 64)) into one or more Dense layers to perform classification. Dense layers take vectors as input (which are 1D), while the current output is a 3D tensor. First, you will flatten (or unroll) the 3D output to 1D, then add one or more Dense layers on top. CIFAR has 10 output classes, so you use a final Dense layer with 10 outputs.

model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(10))

Here’s the complete architecture of your model:

model.summary()

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
 Layer (type)                Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
 conv2d (Conv2D)             (None, 30, 30, 32)        896       
                                                                 
 max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D  (None, 15, 15, 32)       0         
 )                                                               
                                                                 
 conv2d_1 (Conv2D)           (None, 13, 13, 64)        18496     
                                                                 
 max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling  (None, 6, 6, 64)         0         
 2D)                                                             
                                                                 
 conv2d_2 (Conv2D)           (None, 4, 4, 64)          36928     
                                                                 
 flatten (Flatten)           (None, 1024)              0         
                                                                 
 dense (Dense)               (None, 64)                65600     
                                                                 
 dense_1 (Dense)             (None, 10)                650       
                                                                 
=================================================================
Total params: 122,570
Trainable params: 122,570
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

The network summary shows that (4, 4, 64) outputs were flattened into vectors of shape (1024) before going through two Dense layers.

Compile and train the model

model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
              metrics=['accuracy'])

history = model.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=10, 
                    validation_data=(test_images, test_labels))

Epoch 1/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 10s 4ms/step - loss: 1.5316 - accuracy: 0.4406 - val_loss: 1.2891 - val_accuracy: 0.5438
Epoch 2/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 1.1786 - accuracy: 0.5810 - val_loss: 1.1129 - val_accuracy: 0.6107
Epoch 3/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 1.0249 - accuracy: 0.6390 - val_loss: 1.0288 - val_accuracy: 0.6382
Epoch 4/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.9256 - accuracy: 0.6734 - val_loss: 0.9192 - val_accuracy: 0.6806
Epoch 5/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.8491 - accuracy: 0.7019 - val_loss: 0.8938 - val_accuracy: 0.6849
Epoch 6/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 7s 4ms/step - loss: 0.7900 - accuracy: 0.7233 - val_loss: 0.9419 - val_accuracy: 0.6702
Epoch 7/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.7399 - accuracy: 0.7398 - val_loss: 0.8676 - val_accuracy: 0.7004
Epoch 8/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.6971 - accuracy: 0.7558 - val_loss: 0.8899 - val_accuracy: 0.6975
Epoch 9/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.6560 - accuracy: 0.7680 - val_loss: 0.9169 - val_accuracy: 0.6899
Epoch 10/10
1563/1563 [==============================] - 6s 4ms/step - loss: 0.6225 - accuracy: 0.7801 - val_loss: 0.8744 - val_accuracy: 0.7137

Evaluate the model

plt.plot(history.history['accuracy'], label='accuracy')
plt.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'], label = 'val_accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.ylim([0.5, 1])
plt.legend(loc='lower right')

test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_images,  test_labels, verbose=2)

313/313 - 1s - loss: 0.8744 - accuracy: 0.7137 - 652ms/epoch - 2ms/step

print(test_acc)

0.713699996471405

Your simple CNN has achieved a test accuracy of over 70%. Not bad for a few lines of code! For another CNN style, check out the TensorFlow 2 quickstart for experts example that uses the Keras subclassing API and tf.GradientTape.