Java Networking: A Beginners Guide to Networking Concepts | Edureka

Network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices (computers), in which the devices are connected to each other via a network. Java encapsulates classes and interfaces to allow low-level communication details. In this article, I will give you a brief insight into the fundamentals of Java Networking.

Below topics are covered in this article:

Introduction to Java Networking

Java Networking is a notion of connecting two or more computing devices together to share the resources. Java program communicates over the network at the application layer. java.net package is useful for all the Java networking classes and interfaces. 

The java.net package provides support for two protocols. They are as follows:

• TCP − Transmission Control Protocol allows reliable communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.

• UDP − User Datagram Protocol is a connection-less protocol that allows packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

Note: Networking in Java is mainly used for sharing the resources and also for centralized software management.

With this, let’s move further and learn various terminologies used in Networking.

Networking Terminologies

The widely used Java networking terminologies used are as follows:

1. IP Address
2. Protocol
3. Port Number
4. MAC Address
5. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
6. Socket

Now let’s get into the details of each of these methods.

1. IP Address

The IP address is a unique number assigned to a node of a network e.g. 192.168.0.1. It is composed of octets that range from 0 to 255.

2. Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules followed for communication. For example:

• TCP
• FTP
• Telnet
• SMTP
• POP etc.

3. Port Number

The port number uniquely identifies different applications. It acts as a communication endpoint between applications. To communicate between two applications, the port number is used along with an IP Address.

4. MAC Address

A MAC address is basically a hardware identification number which uniquely identifies each device on a network. For example, an Ethernet card may have a MAC address of 00:0d:83:b1:c0:8e. 

5. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol

In the connection-oriented protocol, acknowledgment is sent by the receiver. So it is reliable but slow. The example of a connection-oriented protocol is TCP. But, in the connection-less protocol, acknowledgment is not sent by the receiver. So it is not reliable but fast. The example of a connection-less protocol is UDP.

6. Socket

A socket in Java is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs running on the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the application that data is destined to be sent to.

Now that you know various terminologies used in Java Networking, let’s move further and understand some of the important classes that it supports.

Inet Address

Inet Address is used to encapsulate both the numerical IP address and the domain name for that address. It can handle both IPv4 and Ipv6 addresses. Below figure depicts the subclasses of Inet Address class.

To create an Inet Address object, you have to use Factory methods. Basically, there are three commonly used Inet Address factory methods. They are as follows:

1. static

    

   InetAddress

    

   getLocalHost()

    

   throws

    

   UnknownHostException

2. static

    

   InetAddress

    

   getByName

    

   (String hostname) throws

    

   UnknownHostException

3. static

    

   InetAddress[ ]

    

   getAllByName

    

   (String hostname) throws

    

   UnknownHostException

Now let’s take a small example to understand the working of Inet Address class.

import java.net.*;
public class InetAddressExample
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnknownHostException
{
InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); // returns the system details i.e. Inet Address
System.out.println(address);
address = InetAddress.getByName("www.facebook.com"); // returns the address of the website
System.out.println(address);
InetAddress ia[] = InetAddress.getAllByName("www.google.com");
for(int i=0; i< ia.length; i++)
{
System.out.println(ia[i]);
}
}
}

When you execute the above code, it will return the Inet address of the system and the website as shown below:

Output:

DESKTOP-KN72TD3/192.168.0.215
www.facebook.com/31.13.79.35
www.google.com/172.217.163.132

Basically, that’s how it works. Now let’s move further and learn one more important class i.e Socket Class

Socket and Socket Server Class

A socket is used to establish a connection through the use of the port, which is a numbered socket on a particular machine. Socket basically provides a communication mechanism between two computers using Transmission Control Protocol. There are two types of sockets as follows:

• ServerSocket is for servers

• The socket class is for the client

If you wish to gain more insights on Socket Programming, kindly refer this article on Socket Programming in Java.

Now, let’s understand what is URL Class in Networking.

URL Class

Java URL class mainly deals with URL(Uniform Resource Locator) which is used to identify the resources on the internet.

For Example: https://www.edureka.co/blog

Here,   https: -> Protocol
www.edureka.co -> hostname
/blog - > filename

URL Class comprises of various methods to return the URL information of a particular website. Let’s now understand various methods of Java URL Class.

1. getProtocol() :

    

   Returns protocol of URL

2. getHost() :

    

   Returns hostname(domain name) of the specified URL

3. getPort() :

    

   Returns port number of the URL specified

4. getFile() :

    

   Returns filename of the URL

So this was all about the URL class in Java. With this, we come to an end of this article on Java Networking. I hope you found it informative.

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