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Erikson’s Theory
explanatory essay

Erik Erikson, born June 15th, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany was a developmental theorist who proposed a “comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood”. After developing what is a crucial theory to revealing the developmental process of children, Erikson died on May 12th, 1994 at age 91 in Harwich, Massachusetts. His theory would later become an important contribution to the study of childhood education. Along with his theory, he wrote many books as well as won two awards including the Pulitzer Prize, and the National Book Award in 1970.
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In this essay, the author
- Describes erik erikson as a developmental theorist, born in 1902 in frankfurt, germany, who died in 1994 at age 91 in harwich, massachusetts.
- Describes how erikson moved away to pursue his interest in art and became an art teacher at a psychoanalytically enlightened school for children in vienna. he settled in boston and practiced child psychoanalysis.
- Explains erikson’s theory of 8 stages. the first four are what shape a child into the person they will someday be.
- Explains that a child should develop independence between eighteen months and two years. children should be given as many chances as possible to be independent like dressing themselves or feeding themselves.
- Explains that stage three consists of initiative versus guilt. children between three and five usually experience this stage.
- Explains that stage four is industry versus inferiority, where a child learns whether they fit in to their peers or not, and develops pride in their accomplishments.
- Explains that erikson’s discoveries on the way a child’s psychological person is acquired have revolutionized how we can study and perceive the child s brain and how it functions.
- Concludes that erik erikson’s theories had major impacts on the world of child development. his findings helped influence howard gardner, eric berne, and robert coles.
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Child’s Theory Of Play
opinion essay

Many theorists have tried to define play as a concept, however, no two agree on a set definition. Their backgrounds and induvial lifestyles influence the way they see the importance of play. Reed and Brown also believe that there isn’t an agreed definition of play because is something that is felt rather than done (Reed & Brown, 2000 cited in Brock, Dodd’s, Jarvis & Olusoga, 2009). In spite of this, it is clear that most theorists uphold the ethos that play is imperative to a child’s learning and development. There is a wide range of different studies and theories which helps us develop our own perception of what play is. In my personal experience I have found play to be a way of expressive our emotions, exploring and learning new things, thus

In this essay, the author
- Opines that most theorists uphold the ethos that play is imperative to a child’s learning and development.
- Analyzes how locke and rousseau were influenced by thinking of their time and may have adapted their views making their idea of play bias.
- Explains that parten’s idea of child lead stages of play would support jntcp ‘behaviour that is freely chosen, personally directed’, whereas a teacher would believe that adult led play is more beneficial.
- Opines that everyone has individual backgrounds and experience which influence the way they view the importance of play and how to define it.
- Explains that the jnctp is an establishment made up of play worker’s. their job reflects how they perceive play and what they believe play should be.
1219 words

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Childhood Play And Development Essay
analytical essay

Childhood play is an important part of every child’s development. This behavior starts in infancy, they begin to explore their world through play. Play behavior serves as an indicator of the child’s cognitive and social development. Research on play and development is essential to helping caregivers understand the importance of childhood play. I will be focusing on the psychological aspects of childhood play behavior and its relation to cognitive development.

In this essay, the author
- Explains that childhood play is an important part of every child’s development, since it starts in infancy. research on play and development is essential to helping caregivers understand the importance of play.
- Explains that the purpose of play is to develop intelligence, according to the cognitive development theory.
- Explains that as children grow, they transition through piaget’s stages of cognitive development and their type of play changes. playing peek-a-boo fascinates infants because they do not understand object permanence.
- Explains that children are in the pre-operational stage of cognitive development, categorized by imagination and symbolic language. between the ages of two and seven, children transition from parallel play, to associative and cooperative play behavior.
- Explains piaget’s concrete operations stage, where children begin to think logically, become concerned about peer approval, and have an increased desire to appear knowledgeable. play becomes a tool to show skill at many activities.
- Explains that when children reach adolescence they enter the stage of formal operations, which is brought by their ability to think in abstract terms. they can consider ideas that do not fit into the rules.
- Analyzes how the play behavior of their nephew fits well within the constructs of this theory.
- Explains that the cognitive development theory provides an accurate framework for theorizing childhood play. its strength lies in its cohesion with piaget’s stages.
- Explains that different types of play require different levels of cognitive sophistication, and this research can be helpful for adults because it gives them insight into how children learn through play.
- Argues that the cognitive development theory does not account for cultural differences when interpreting children’s play behavior.
- Opines that the cognitive development theory of play behavior is an advantageous theory, due to its applicability to child rearing and its adherence to piaget’s stages.
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Erik Erikson Analysis
explanatory essay

Erikson’s theory of human development helped provide ideas and information on the development of these eight stages affects the confidence levels of other individuals. These ideas can help parents to teach their children. His theory can help future psychologist research how events in certain ages can influence the way people look at life.

In this essay, the author
- Explains erik erikson’s theory on the development of human beings, which discusses how a person’s level of confidence influences their ability to solve problems in society.
- Explains that the first stage in human behavior is trust vs. mistrust, which occurs from infancy to one year in the half of age.
- Explains that the third stage is initiative vs. guilt, which happens between the ages of three and five. peer pressure influences the child’s self esteem, and if they don’t get encouragement or reinforcement, they may not complete their goal.
- Explains that identity vs. role confusion is an important transition between becoming a child and an adult.
- Explains erikson’s theory of human development helped provide ideas and information on the development of these eight stages affects the confidence levels of other individuals.
852 words

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An Essay On The Importance Of Play On Child Learning
explanatory essay

An Article by Dr. Leong and Dr. Bodrova (2016) stated that play is beneficial to children’s learning especially when it reaches a certain degree of complexity. When they engage in play activities most of their early years, they learn to delay gratification and to prioritize their goals and actions. They also learn to consider the perspectives and needs of other people and to represent things significantly to regulate their behavior and actions in a cautious, intentional way.

In this essay, the author
- Explains that play is beneficial to children’s learning especially when it reaches a certain degree of complexity. when children engage in play activities most of their early years, they learn to delay gratification and prioritize their goals and actions.
- Explains that research by gabriel, doiron, baldacchino, mckenna & o’keef (2012) and dr. leong and bodrova (2016) affirms that play does have a large impact on the development of children across the different domains of development.
- Explains that children are expected to learn certain skills in preschool so that they are prepared for elementary school. through play, children develop skills from physical, language, self-concept to social development.
- Explains that a new york times opinion section review found that early didactic instruction might worsen academic performance. dr. marcon, r.a. studied 343 children who attended an academically oriented preschool class.
- Explains that both articles shared a common understanding that children who were given opportunities to play during their early years developed more skills and were the ones who had significantly satisfying school performance.
- Explains that all types of play, from fantasy to rough-and-tumble, have a crucial role in the development of children.
- Explains that a research-based article by almon, j. and miller, e. (2011) showed some researches from different parts of the world regarding the crisis in early education.
- Analyzes how an essay by gray, p. (2016) showed researches on play deficit. he concluded that play deprivation is not good for children and promotes anxiety, depression, narcissism, loss of creativity and suicide.
- Explains that play is a physical and social space, and helps children develop social abilities. children can build relationships, resolve conflicts, negotiate and regulate their behaviors.
- Explains that children have amplified feelings of success and optimism as they act as their own agents. it is a known stress release and often connected to the childs’ wellbeing.
- Explains dr. dewar’s article that playful behavior has positive effects on the brain and the ability of a child to learn. play may function as an important mode for learning.
- States that purposeful play-based early learning sets the stage for future learning, health, and well-being of children.
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Samantha
explanatory essay

Early Childhood is marked by a time in children’s lives when they develop “a confident self-image, more effective control over their emotions, new social skills, the foundations of morality, and a clear sense of themselves as boy or girl” (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). According to Erik Erikson, early childhood is a period of “vigorous unfolding,” one where children have a sense of autonomy and a new sense of purposefulness or initiative (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011, pg. 45). Play is a means for children to learn about themselves and they begin to adopt the moral and gender-role standards of the society in which they live (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011). A negative outcome of early childhood is the guilt children feel as a result of excessive punishment and criticism by the adults in their lives (Berk, Kauffman & Landrum, 2011)….

In this essay, the author
- Explains that they want to help samantha overcome her feelings of discouragement and inferiority through an early recollections assessment.
- Explains corey, c., theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy.
- Explains that developmentalalists divide life into different segments based on age known as growth stages. they will focus on erik erikson’s theory of initiative versus guilt, industry
- Describes how samantha began to make remarkable progress not only academically, but personally as a result of therapy.
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Psychosocial Development Of Early Childhood
explanatory essay

In Erik Erikson’s theory, he believes that all humans go through eight phases throughout their entire life. According to Erikson, during the early childhood development, a child passes through three phases. These three phases include the toddler (Autonomy v. Shame), preschool (Initiative v. Guilt), and elementary school (Industry v. Inferiority). You should be able to tell the difference of a child who is brought up in a healthy or unhealthy environment. Toddlers will take pride in their actions or they will throw temper tantrums. Preschoolers will take responsibility or accuse others for their behavior or actions. And children in the elementary school phase will either be successful or unsuccessful when learning new abilities. In his work, Erikson was trying to point out that “Each stage is an emotional crisis or a turning point, in personality, and the crisis in each stage must be successfully met for normal, healthy psychological development.” (Ciccarelli & White, 2015, p.

In this essay, the author
- Explains that every stage of development happens differently for each child, but learning to detect these skills or behaviors could be beneficial to you and your child in the long run.
- Explains that the physical aspect illustrates the change in the growth and the function of the body over the early childhood stage.
- Explains that the cognitive aspect of early childhood builds a child’s ability to understand language, literacy, and numeracy, but does not allow their minds to think in reverse or the child cannot see in another’s perspective.
- Explains erik erikson’s theory that all humans go through eight phases throughout their entire life.
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Child Development
analytical essay

Play-time is an essential part of early childhood development as well as their most primitive form of expression. In an article titled “The Importance of Play” by Bruno Bettelheim, he refers to Sigmund Freud’s thoughts that play is a child’s first step in attaining “cultural and psychological achievements”. (Bettelheim 324) The author also mentions Freud’s notation of how children use play to “express” themselves. (Bettelheim 324) Play is vital for the maturation of toddlers’ emotional and mental health. Bettelheim, in his article, reflects on Fraud’s understanding of “how children use play to work through and master quite complex psychological difficulties of the past and present”. (Bettelheim 324) As a mother, I agree with this insight because I can witness the day’s events unfold through my son’s eyes as he holds batman and robin figures.

In this essay, the author
- Opines that parents have a responsibility and privilege to contribute to every milestone. most parents stress over physical and mental stages so much that play-time is ignored.
- Explains that play is an essential part of early childhood development as well as their most primitive form of expression. bettelheim reflects on fraud’s understanding of how children use play to work through complex psychological difficulties.
- Analyzes how marie winn wrote “the end of play” commenting on how children have replaced “fantasy and make-believe games” for television.
- Analyzes how marie winn, author of “the end of play”, reflects on what children are exposed to, stating that boy-girl interactions are replacing play in preadolescents.
- Analyzes how the portrayal of women as sexual objects is discussed in the article “the sexualization of girls is harmful” by olivia ferguson and hayley mitchell haugen.
- Analyzes how jet magazine reports that watching tv news gives children a violent view of the world. a baby talk expert urges parents to be “mindful” of television show choices.
- Explains that the amount of violence in children’s shows is overwhelming. the university of california conducted a massive three-year study on television violence and learning of aggression.
- Explains that excessive tv viewing leads to obesity among adolescents. displacement, eating while watching tv, and influence of food advertisements are the most plausible arguments.
- Analyzes how children are being deprived of play in school. in “the end of play”, teachers attribute early academic pressure to the lack of “fantasy” play and “imagination activities” in the classroom.
- Opines that one’s child rearing choices are the most dominate factors in adolescents. parents must control the outside influences interfering with their emotional and physical maturity.
1278 words

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Piaget’s Theory On Child Development
explanatory essay

The article includes Piaget’s theory on child play, Sinclair’s Developmental Sequence of Play, Lezine’s Proposed Developmental Sequence of Symbolic Play, and Rosenblatt’s Developmental Taxonomy of Play (Casby 2003). The article begins with Piaget’s observation of play in children and followed by the development of play research done by individuals following Piaget’s study. This review will only focus on Piaget’s observation of symbolic play, which according to Piaget occurs between the toddler years and early childhood.

In this essay, the author
- Explains erik erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages, which focuses on personality development, and proposes a life-span model of human development.
- Explains that developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human throughout the life span. erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality.
- Explains that the article discusses the different theories and research based on play from infancy to early childhood.
- Opines that the influence of society will always limit the growth of a person’s cognitive development.
959 words

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Personality Theory And Erikson’s Eight Stages Of Psychological Development
argumentative essay

Erikson believes a person’s personality changes throughout their lifespan and primarily focuses on ego. Furthermore, ego is a person’s sense of self-importance or self- acceptance. This is a major factor when discussing personality because how we perceive ourselves, reflects onto others. Erikson’s eight stages of psychological development consist of infancy, early childhood, preschool, middle school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age and old age. He indicates that during each stage of life a person experiences a psychological crisis, which could aid in a negative or positive result. During the infancy stage, the psychological crisis is trust vs. mistrust, meaning total dependence on the mother or father. If either or both parents show love and attention, then the child will develop trust, or otherwise mistrust if neglected. Early childhood, around the ages two to three years old a child becomes more mobile and shows signs of independence. The caregivers will either assist the child in all their needs or wait patiently as they figure them out on their own. Erikson distinguishes the importance of allowing children to face their own challenges with the tolerance of failure. This will provide the willingness to push through hard times and overcome adversity. Stage 3, initiative vs. guilt describes the interaction between other children and their ability to make decisions. A child will initiate activity with others continuously when he or she feels secure. Nevertheless, when children are told ‘no’ they react with feelings of guilt. The fourth stage of Erikson’s theory begins to explain inferiority. In this stage, a student will be introduced to teachers who become a major part of a child’s psychological development. With encouragement, children will feel confident in themselves, whereas negative reinforcement may cause self-doubt. Identity vs.

In this essay, the author
- Argues that personality is inherited and passed down through birth, whereas some theorists believe that one’s personality changes frequently, in the sense that we adapt to our environment.
- Explains that alfred adler believes that inferiority shapes personality and can be a positive thing with the right mindset.
- Explains erik erikson’s eight stages of psychological development: infancy, early childhood, preschool, middle school, adolescence, young adulthood, mid-age, and old age.
- Explains erikson’s theory of inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, and ego integrity.
- Compares skinner’s belief that humans can be trained by their actions and mistakes. he separates behavior into respondent and operant behavior.
- Explains that all of these theories have completely different approaches but all fall in correlation to their interest in criminal psychology.
1396 words

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